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Avian immune system
The avian immune system refers to the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease.
The avian immune system resembles that of mammals since both evolved from a common reptilian ancestor and have inherited many commonalities.〔Seto F (1981). “Early development of the avian immune system” Poult. Sci. 60(9).〕 They have also developed a number of different strategies that are unique to birds. Most avian immunology research has been carried out on the domestic chicken, ''Gallus gallus domesticus''.〔Baeuerle PA (1994). “Function and Activation of NF-kappaB in the Immune System” Annual review of immunology 12:1.〕 Birds have lymphoid tissues, B cells, T cells, cytokines and chemokines like many other animals. In addition, they can also have tumours, immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases.
== Overview ==
The physiology and immune system of birds resembles that of other animals. The lymphomyeloid tissues develop from epithelial or mesenchymal anlages that are full of haematopoetic cells.〔Fellah JS, Jaffredo T, Dunon D (2008). “Development of the Avian Immune System.” Avian Immunology. 4:51-66.〕 The bursa fabricus, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes all develop when haematopoetic stem cells enter the bursal or thymic anlages and become competent B and T cells.〔Masteller EL, Pharr GT, Funk PE, Thompson CB (1997). “Avian B cell development.” Int. Rev. Immunol. 15(3-4): 185-206.〕
The avian immune system is divided into two types of immunity, the innate and adaptive ones. The innate immune system includes physical and chemical barriers, blood proteins and phagocytic cells. In addition, complement serum proteins, which are a part of the innate immune system, work with antibodies to lyse target cell. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, kicks in when the innate system fails to stop invading pathogens. The adaptive response includes targeted recognition of specific molecular features on the surface of the pathogen. Birds, like other animals, have B cells, T cells and humoral immunity as part of their adaptive response.〔Jenkins KA, Bean AG, Lowenthal JW (2007). “Avian genomics and the innate immune response to viruses.” Cytogenet. Genome Res. 117(1-4):207-12.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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